German-American physicist who published the special theory of relativity (1905), the general theory of relativity (1915), and the photoelectric effect (Nobel Prize 1921) — demonstrating that space, time, mass, and energy are related, and transforming the foundations of physics.
Achieved the deepest unification in the history of physics — special relativity unified space and time, mass and energy (E=mc²); general relativity unified gravity and spacetime — through pure conceptual thought experiments that revealed the limits of Newtonian mechanics.
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