Janet Abu-Lughod's 1989 world-systems analysis of the 13th century global trading network — centered on the Islamic Middle East and connecting China, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Europe through overlapping trading circuits.
Reconstructs the pre-European global trading system — demonstrating that in 1250–1350 a sophisticated world-system existed with the Islamic world at its center, and that the Black Death's disruption of this system, rather than European initiative, explains the shift to European-centered capitalism.
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