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person450-510 CE

Bhartrihari

Disciplines:
philosophy/philosophy of language
metaphysics
linguistics/grammar

Summary

Indian philosopher and grammarian who developed the philosophy of language as metaphysics — language (sabdabrahman) is the ultimate reality — and the sphota doctrine: the sentence as an indivisible unit of meaning.

Core Contribution

Sphota: the sentence (not the word) is the primary unit of meaning, and it is an indivisible eternal entity; the sequence of sounds heard is not the sphota but its manifestation. Sabdabrahman: ultimate reality is linguistic in nature — Brahman manifests as language. Anticipated holism about sentence meaning.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Argued that all knowledge is essentially linguistic — the flash of understanding when we grasp a sentence is the sphota manifesting; there is no pure pre-linguistic cognition.
  • The sphota doctrine was vigorously contested by Buddhist philosophers of language who argued for a radically different atomistic view.

Notable Works & Achievements

Vakyapadiya

Historical Influences

Panini Yaska

Intellectual Lineage

Sanskrit Grammatical TraditionAdvaita Vedanta influence

Contemporaries & Peers

Indian Buddhist Philosophers

Minds Influenced

Advaita Vedanta Navya Nyaya

Intellectual Posterity

Sanskrit Philosophy of LanguageIndian Linguistics

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Bhartrihari

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