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person341 BCE-270 BCE

Epicurus

Disciplines:
ethics
epistemology
metaphysics

Summary

Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism — the pursuit of eudaimonia through ataraxia (tranquility) and aponia (absence of pain) — grounded in materialist atomism and the rejection of divine Providence.

Core Contribution

The highest pleasure is ataraxia (freedom from anxiety) and aponia (freedom from pain), not positive physical pleasure. The gods exist but are indifferent to human affairs — fear of them is irrational. Death is nothing to us — where death is, we are not; where we are, death is not. Cultivate philosophical friendship in a small community.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Founded a commune called the Garden — including women and slaves as philosophical equals — a radical social experiment for ancient Athens.
  • Argued that anticipation and memory of pleasure are the most important pleasures — thus philosophy and friendship, which generate sustained positive anticipation, are the greatest goods.
  • Wrote 300 books, of which only three letters and a few fragments survive — his thought is known primarily through Lucretius and the hostile testimony of Stoics and Platonists.

Notable Works & Achievements

Letter to Herodotus

Letter to Menoeceus

Letter to Pythocles

Principal Doctrines

Historical Influences

Democritus Aristippus of Cyrene Pyrrho

Intellectual Lineage

Democritean Atomism Socratic Ethics Cyrenaicism

Contemporaries & Peers

Zeno of Citium Pyrrho Theophrastus

Minds Influenced

Lucretius Thomas Jefferson Jeremy Bentham

Intellectual Posterity

Epicureanism Materialism Secular Ethics

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Epicurus

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