Theodore Flournoy's 1900 case study of the Geneva medium Hélène Smith — who produced 'Martian' language, claimed memories of previous lives as a Hindu princess and on Mars, and demonstrated automatic writing — analyzed as unconscious subliminal creativity rather than genuine paranormal ability.
Established the psychological analysis of extraordinary experience — Flournoy's concept of 'cryptomnesia' (forgotten memories appearing as novel content) and 'subliminal romances' became central to how depth psychology explains the production of apparently transcendent material from unconscious sources.
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