Italian physicist and astronomer who confirmed the Copernican heliocentric model with his telescope, developed the mathematical method of natural science, and was tried by the Inquisition — making him the founding martyr of scientific freedom and the symbol of the conflict between empirical inquiry and religious authority.
Created the mathematical-experimental method of modern physics — 'the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics' — and demonstrated that falling bodies and projectile motion follow mathematical laws, establishing physics as a discipline rather than a branch of philosophy.
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