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person1900-1976

Gilbert Ryle

Disciplines:
philosophy of mind
philosophy/philosophy of language

Summary

British philosopher who demolished the Cartesian ghost in the machine — mind-body dualism — by showing it rests on a category mistake, and introduced the distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that.

Core Contribution

The Concept of Mind: Descartes's dualism commits a category mistake — mental terms do not refer to a separate immaterial substance but describe dispositions of the person. The myth of the ghost in the machine. Knowing-how is irreducible to knowing-that: practical skills are not reducible to explicit propositional knowledge.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • The category mistake: asking where the mind is, after being shown all the organs of the brain, is like asking where the university is, after being shown all the buildings — the mind is not an additional thing but a way of describing the person.
  • Was deeply influenced by Heidegger early in his career but later became embarrassed about this and rarely acknowledged it.
  • Insists that knowing-how cannot be reduced to knowing-that: riding a bicycle involves competence that no amount of propositional knowledge about cycling can substitute for.

Notable Works & Achievements

The Concept of Mind

Dilemmas

Plato's Progress

On Thinking

Historical Influences

Ludwig Wittgenstein G. E. Moore Martin Heidegger

Intellectual Lineage

Analytic Philosophy Ordinary Language Philosophy

Contemporaries & Peers

Ludwig Wittgenstein J. L. Austin A. J. Ayer

Minds Influenced

Daniel Dennett J. L. Austin Michael Polanyi

Intellectual Posterity

Category MistakeKnowing-How vs. Knowing-ThatDispositional Behaviorism

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