Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an 18th-century Italian engraver and architect whose 'Carceri d'invenzione' (Imaginary Prisons) etchings depicted vast, impossible underground spaces with infinite staircases, chains, and machinery.
Piranesi's 'Imaginary Prisons' directly shaped the aesthetic of the Batcave and the underground spaces in Nolan's Batman films — infinite, self-swallowing architectural structures that embody both grandeur and imprisonment.
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