Henry Sidgwick

Henry Sidgwick was a Victorian British philosopher who produced in The Methods of Ethics the most rigorous systematic treatment of utilitarian moral philosophy.

Sidgwick identified three methods of ethics — intuitionism, egoism, and utilitarianism — and showed that the dualism of practical reason, the conflict between self-interest and universal benevolence, cannot be fully resolved, leaving a genuine tension at the heart of utilitarian theory.