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person1820-1903

Herbert Spencer

Disciplines:
philosophy
sociology
ethics
biology

Summary

British philosopher who coined 'survival of the fittest,' developed a comprehensive synthetic philosophy extending evolutionary principles across all domains, and was the most widely read philosopher of the late 19th century.

Core Contribution

Coined 'survival of the fittest' (before reading Darwin) and developed social Darwinism — the application of evolutionary principles to social competition. Synthetic Philosophy: a 10-volume attempt to unify all knowledge under the principle of evolution. First Principles: the law of evolution as the universal principle of change.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Was the most popular philosopher in the Anglophone world in the 1880s-1890s — more widely read than any other philosopher — and has since become almost completely ignored, a dramatic example of philosophical rise and fall.
  • Coined 'survival of the fittest' as a more precise formulation of natural selection, but the phrase is philosophically problematic — fitness is defined as survival, making 'survival of the fittest' a tautology.

Notable Works & Achievements

Social Statics

First Principles

Principles of Biology

Principles of Psychology

Historical Influences

Charles Darwin John Stuart Mill

Intellectual Lineage

British Empiricism Evolutionary Thought

Contemporaries & Peers

Charles Darwin T.H. Huxley

Minds Influenced

Functionalist Psychology Social Science

Intellectual Posterity

Social Darwinism Evolutionary Ethics

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Herbert Spencer

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