British philosopher and intellectual historian who made the distinction between positive and negative liberty central to liberal political philosophy, and who championed value pluralism against all forms of monism.
Two Concepts of Liberty: negative liberty (freedom from interference) vs. positive liberty (freedom to self-realize). Negative liberty is the basis of liberalism — positive liberty can be used to justify coercion in the name of 'true freedom.' The hedgehog and the fox: the distinction between those who pursue a single organizing idea and those who pursue many — a typology of intellectual styles. Value pluralism: ultimate human values are irreducibly plural and sometimes incommensurable.
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