French Protestant reformer who built Geneva into the most rigorous Reformation city-state and developed Calvinist theology — particularly the doctrine of double predestination (some are elected to salvation, others to damnation regardless of their actions) — whose influence shaped Puritanism, the Dutch Republic, Scotland, and the American colonial character.
Created the most rigorous and politically consequential branch of Protestantism — Calvinist theology's predestination doctrine combined with its covenant theology produced a distinctive political culture (representative government, resistance to tyranny, work ethic) that shaped the Dutch Republic, Scotland, and New England.
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