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person1990s-present

John Hawthorne

Disciplines:
epistemology
philosophy/philosophy of language
metaphysics

Summary

British-American philosopher who has contributed to epistemology (the lottery paradox, knowledge-how), metaphysics (four-dimensionalism, material objects), and philosophy of language.

Core Contribution

Knowledge and Lotteries: if you know you will lose the lottery, you cannot deduce that you have enough money for your holiday; this creates problems for the principle that knowledge is closed under known entailment. Metaphysical Essays: defends four-dimensionalism and scepticism about ordinary object ontology. Relativism about knowledge.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • The lottery problem: we know we won't win the lottery (the probability is negligible) but we also know tickets like ours win lotteries. Knowledge closure says we should know the conjunction of all our lottery beliefs — but that would entail knowing the winner's ticket, which we don't.

Notable Works & Achievements

Knowledge and Lotteries

Metaphysical Essays

Historical Influences

David Lewis Timothy Williamson

Intellectual Lineage

Analytic Philosophy

Contemporaries & Peers

Timothy Williamson Jason Stanley

Minds Influenced

Epistemology

Intellectual Posterity

Lottery ParadoxKnowledge and Practical Reasoning

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