German-Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist who developed existential philosophy as a mode of clarifying the conditions of human existence and introduced the concept of the Axial Age — the period of simultaneous spiritual transformation across civilizations.
Developed Existenzphilosophie — a philosophy that takes the individual's confrontation with limit situations (death, suffering, struggle, guilt) as the occasions for authentic existence — and proposed the Axial Age hypothesis explaining the parallel emergence of rational philosophy and world religion across cultures.
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