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person1970s-present

Kit Fine

Disciplines:
philosophy/philosophy of language
philosophy of mathematics
metaphysics

Summary

American philosopher who revived the notion of essence as real definition — distinct from modal necessity — developed the theory of grounding, and contributed to neo-logicism.

Core Contribution

Essence is not a matter of necessity: what is necessarily true of Socrates (membership in the singleton {Socrates}) need not be essential to him. Real definition: the essence of an object is what makes it the object it is. Grounding: some facts are metaphysically grounded in others — a relation of explanatory dependence more basic than causation.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Distinguished essence from necessity: Socrates belongs necessarily to {Socrates} but this is not essential to Socrates — it is essential to the singleton. Necessity flows from essence, not vice versa.
  • The notion of grounding has been both enormously influential and enormously controversial — critics argue it is either redundant (supervenience) or obscure (what work does it do beyond causal explanation?).

Notable Works & Achievements

Essence and Modality

The Limits of Abstraction

The Question of Realism

Guide to Ground

Historical Influences

Aristotle David Lewis Saul Kripke

Intellectual Lineage

Analytic Metaphysics Aristotelian Essentialism

Contemporaries & Peers

David Lewis Saul Kripke Timothy Williamson

Minds Influenced

Jonathan Schaffer Gideon RosenDaniel Correia

Intellectual Posterity

Essentialist RevivalGrounding TheoryMetaphysical Priority

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