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person1852–1910

Leo Tolstoy

Disciplines:
fiction
ethics
russia
literature/war and peace

Summary

Russian novelist who wrote War and Peace, Anna Karenina, and The Death of Ivan Ilyich — widely considered among the greatest novelists who ever lived — who in his later life underwent a religious conversion and became an anarcho-pacifist Christian moralist, influencing Gandhi and Tolstoyan movements worldwide.

Core Contribution

Created the novel of total historical reality — War and Peace's alternation between the intimate particularity of individual consciousness and the vast impersonal forces of Napoleonic history (Tolstoy's 'swarm-life') and his anti-heroic philosophy of history (great men are foam on the wave, not its cause) constitute the most ambitious fictional engagement with history ever attempted.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • The Swarm Theory of History (Tolstoy's historical philosophy in War and Peace: great men do not make history — Napoleon did not direct the battle of Borodino, he could barely see it — but is borne by the collective will of millions of individuals acting from private motives; history is the resultant of innumerable minute causes, and the historian's invention of 'great man' agency is retrospective myth-making)

Notable Works & Achievements

War and Peace

Anna Karenina

The Death of Ivan Ilyich

Resurrection

Historical Influences

Rousseau Stendhal Schopenhauer

Intellectual Lineage

Yasnaya Polyana RussiaKazan UniversityCrimean WarYasnaya PolyanaAstapovo

Contemporaries & Peers

Dostoyevsky Turgenev Chekhov

Minds Influenced

Gandhi 20th century fiction History 102

Intellectual Posterity

War and Peace Anna Karenina Tolstoyan pacifismThe Death of Ivan Ilyich Tolstoy as novelist

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