Russian developmental psychologist who developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development — arguing that higher psychological functions originate in social interaction before being internalized.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance — the target zone for effective teaching. Scaffolding: expert support for learning within the ZPD. Language and Thought: inner speech (internalized dialogue) is the primary vehicle of conceptual thought. Social origins of mind: all higher cognitive functions appear twice — first between people, then within.
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