Lou Andreas-Salomé

German-Russian writer and psychoanalyst who was one of the most remarkable intellectual women of the late 19th and early 20th century — famously refusing Nietzsche's marriage proposal, inspiring Rilke's greatest poetry, writing one of the first books on Nietzsche, and becoming one of Freud's closest associates.

Represents the intellectual woman at the intersection of German philosophy's three most significant figures — her relationships with Nietzsche, Rilke, and Freud were not merely personal but intellectual and generative — and her book on Nietzsche (1894) was one of the earliest serious philosophical treatments.