PANTHEON
ExploreBuild My Library
© 2026 Pantheon — an atlas of the ideas that shaped how we think.
person1900s-1950

Marcel Mauss

Disciplines:
anthropology
sociology

Summary

French anthropologist and sociologist who developed the theory of gift exchange — arguing that gifts are never free but operate in a system of reciprocal obligation that is the foundation of social life.

Core Contribution

The Gift: the obligation to give, receive, and reciprocate — gift exchange is never purely altruistic but embedded in systems of power, prestige, and obligation. The total social fact: institutions like gift exchange are simultaneously economic, juridical, moral, aesthetic, and religious. Techniques of the body: culturally specific ways of using the body (swimming, walking, etc.) are social facts.

Notable Works & Achievements

The Gift

Techniques of the Body

Historical Influences

Émile Durkheim

Intellectual Lineage

French Sociology Durkheimian School

Contemporaries & Peers

Émile Durkheim

Minds Influenced

Claude Lévi-Strauss Marshall Sahlins David Graeber

Intellectual Posterity

Gift TheoryExchange TheoryAnthropology

Discussing

Marcel Mauss

Ask anything about Marcel Mauss — their ideas, influences, contradictions, legacy.

Sign in to start a conversation.