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person1990s-present

Michael Hardt

Disciplines:
political philosophy
philosophy/continental philosophy

Summary

American political theorist who collaborated with Antonio Negri on the Empire trilogy — arguing that sovereignty has shifted from the nation-state to a decentered network (Empire) and that resistance comes from the multitude.

Core Contribution

Empire: sovereignty is no longer located in nation-states but in a networked imperial form with no center; resistance is the multitude — the distributed non-homogeneous mass of living labor. Labor has become increasingly biopolitical — it produces not just commodities but social life itself.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Empire was initially rejected by Harvard University Press and then became a global bestseller — the timing (just before 9/11) made its account of a decentered sovereignty seem prophetic.
  • The concept of Empire without a center was contested by many Marxists who argued this evacuates the importance of US imperialism — the controversy revealed deep divisions in left political theory.

Notable Works & Achievements

Empire

Multitude

Commonwealth

Historical Influences

Antonio Negri Michel Foucault Gilles Deleuze

Intellectual Lineage

Marxism Post-structuralism Italian Operaismo

Contemporaries & Peers

Antonio Negri Slavoj Žižek

Minds Influenced

Political Philosophy

Intellectual Posterity

Empire TheoryMultitude Politics

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