Finnish telecommunications company founded in 1865 — which dominated the global mobile phone market in the 2000s with over 40% market share before being completely disrupted by Apple's iPhone and the smartphone revolution.
Provides the canonical case study in disruption — Nokia knew smartphones were coming, had internal projects exploring the space, but its organizational structure, executive incentives, and cultural assumptions prevented it from cannibalizing its own profitable feature phone business — making it the textbook example of Innovator's Dilemma.
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