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person470–399 BCE

Socrates

Disciplines:
philosophy
ethics
epistemology
athens

Summary

Athenian philosopher — who left no writings — whose method of elenctic questioning (exposing inconsistency in interlocutors' beliefs) founded Western philosophy's commitment to rational self-examination — who was executed by Athens for impiety and corrupting the youth.

Core Contribution

Creates the philosophical method of elenchus — Socrates's practice (systematically exposing that those who claimed knowledge lacked it) established that self-knowledge (knowing what you do not know) is the beginning of wisdom; his method is the foundational practice of Western philosophy.

Key Spikes & Highlights

  • Chose death over exile — when given the choice of death or exile from Athens, he chose death because he refused to stop philosophizing and believed an unexamined life was not worth living; the consistency between his philosophy and his death makes him the figure whose life most perfectly embodies his teaching
  • Claimed to have received a divine sign (daimon) that warned him against certain actions — this claim that a supernatural voice guided his behavior was one of the charges against him; his refusal to either deny the voice or to pretend it was metaphorical contributed to his conviction

Notable Works & Achievements

No writings — known entirely through Plato, Xenophon, and Aristophanes

Historical Influences

Anaxagoras Diotima Sophistic tradition

Intellectual Lineage

Athens StonemasonMilitary service Philosophical discussion in Athens agora

Contemporaries & Peers

Plato Alcibiades Aristophanes Protagoras

Minds Influenced

Plato Western philosophy

Intellectual Posterity

Socratic method Know thyself Socratic ironyTrial and death of SocratesWestern philosophy

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Socrates

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