Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, one of the most important Rationalist philosophers. His Ethics argued for a pantheistic God identical to Nature, determinism, and a thoroughgoing naturalistic account of human emotions and ethics.
Developed systematic Rationalist pantheism (Deus sive Natura); foundational to biblical higher criticism; Ethics is one of philosophy's greatest works.
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