Fernand Braudel's 1949 masterpiece — The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II — arguing that history operates at three speeds (geographical time, social time, individual time) and that the geographical structures of the Mediterranean basin determined the history of the period more than any political event.
Created the longue durée methodology — Braudel's argument that the enduring geographical structures (mountains, sea routes, climates) operate on a slower time-scale than social and political history, but are ultimately more determining, revolutionized the study of history — introducing structural analysis alongside narrative.
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