Swiss psychologist at the University of Geneva who wrote From India to the Planet Mars (1900) — a case study of the medium Hélène Smith who produced elaborate 'Martian' language and memories of previous lives — establishing rigorous psychological analysis of mediumship and influencing Jung's methodology.
Created the psychological method for studying mediumship — neither credulous acceptance nor dismissive debunking, but rigorous psychological analysis of what the medium's production reveals about the unconscious — a method Jung adopted directly in his dissertation on Helly Preiswerk.
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