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free will

4 thinkers, books, and ideas connected to this field.

Book

Determined

Robert Sapolsky's 2023 argument that free will does not exist — that every thought and action is the product of prior biology and environment — and that accepting this should make us more compassionate, not less responsible.

philosophyneurosciencebiologyfree will
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Thinker

Gary Watson

American philosopher who has made influential contributions to the philosophy of free will and moral responsibility — developing the valuing theory of free agency.

ethicsphilosophy of actionfree will
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Thinker

Harry Frankfurt

American philosopher who developed the hierarchical account of free will and the Frankfurt cases against the principle of alternate possibilities — and wrote On Bullshit, the most-read philosophical essay in history.

ethicsphilosophy of actionfree will
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Thinker

Roy Baumeister

American social psychologist whose research on ego depletion (self-control as a depleting resource), free will, and gender differences has been highly influential — and whose Is There Anything Good About Men? makes an empirically grounded evolutionary case for understanding male social behavior.

gendersocial psychologyfree willego depletionself-control
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