4 thinkers, books, and ideas connected to this field.
Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical critique of dogmatism — attacking the assumptions of traditional morality (good/evil, Christian ethics), previous philosophers' dogmatic faith in their own systems, and the slave morality that resents aristocratic excellence — arguing for a philosophy beyond conventional good and evil.
French sociologist who co-founded sociology as an academic discipline — writing Suicide (demonstrating that even the most individual act is shaped by social forces) and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (arguing that religion is society worshipping itself) — and who established the concept of anomie.
Friedrich Nietzsche's 1887 polemical essay — tracing the historical origins of moral concepts (good/evil, guilt, bad conscience, ascetic ideals) and arguing that conventional morality is a slave revolt against aristocratic values — his most systematic philosophical work.
Jonathan Haidt's 2012 argument that moral reasoning is post-hoc rationalization of intuitive moral judgment (the elephant and the rider) and that liberals and conservatives use different moral foundations — providing the psychological account of political polarization.