2 thinkers, books, and ideas connected to this field.
Johann Caspar Lavater's 1775–1778 illustrated treatise arguing that facial features reveal character — the most widely read scientific-theological work of the late 18th century — translated into English and French and directly influencing Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and 19th century racial science.
Swiss pastor and physiognomist who wrote Essays on Physiognomy (1775–1778) — arguing that character can be read from facial features — influencing European culture, attracting Goethe's collaboration and later criticism, and inspiring the criminology of Lombroso and the racial science of the 19th century.