Turkish-American economist at MIT who (with James Robinson) developed the institutions-based theory of economic development — arguing that inclusive political and economic institutions are the primary determinant of prosperity.
Why Nations Fail (with Robinson): the extractive vs. inclusive institutions distinction — countries fail when a narrow elite extracts resources through extractive institutions, and succeed when inclusive institutions distribute power. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: instruments approach to institutions — colonies where settlers could not survive had extractive institutions that persist today. Power and Progress (with Johnson): technology and AI as concentration of power.
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