Chinese philosopher of the Han dynasty who wrote the Lunheng — a systematic rationalist critique of superstition, mythology, and Confucian teleological interpretations of natural events.
Lunheng (Balanced Inquiries): argued against the cosmological interpretation of natural events as heavenly responses to human virtue or vice — a rigorous naturalism in which heaven acts without intention. Skepticism about spirits, ghosts, and omens — each claim tested against empirical observation.
No recorded contemporaries.
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