36 thinkers, books, and ideas connected to this field.
British-American scholar of Hellenistic philosophy who wrote the standard introduction to Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Skepticism and the definitive account of Epictetus.
Lithuanian scholar of ancient philosophy working on Stoic physics and cosmology.
Philosopher of Ascalon who ended Academic Skepticism by arguing that the Old Academy, Aristotle, and the Stoics share a common philosophy — founding the eclectic synthesis that dominated later Roman philosophy.
American philosopher who has written on Aristotle's metaphysics, especially the concepts of actuality, potentiality, and the analysis of substance.
Canadian scholar of ancient Stoicism and Epicureanism, particularly the ethics and psychology of Hellenistic philosophy.
British-American scholar of ancient philosophy who has written on Cicero, Academic Skepticism, and the transmission of Greek philosophy to Rome.
Calicles is an Athenian politician depicted in Plato's Gorgias who argues that conventional justice is a conspiracy of the weak against the naturally strong.
Head of the New Academy who developed the most sophisticated ancient skepticism — arguing that no impression is cataleptic (certain) — and the doctrine of pithanon (probable/plausible) as a guide to action without certainty.
American scholar of pre-Socratic philosophy who has produced comprehensive analyses and translations of the pre-Socratics.
American philosopher who has worked on Aristotle's epistemology and the structure of scientific knowledge in the Posterior Analytics.
British scholar of ancient Greek philosophy who co-authored the definitive Hellenistic Philosophers sourcebook and has written influential studies of Plato's cosmology and Epicurean physics.
Cicero's dialogue On the Ends of Good and Evil — a comprehensive survey of the main Hellenistic ethical theories (Epicurean, Stoic, New Academic) presenting the best arguments for each.
Nietzsche's early unpublished work on pre-Socratic philosophy — Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks — arguing that the pre-Socratics expressed a tragic, life-affirming wisdom later destroyed by Socratic rationalism.
Dutch scholar of pre-Socratic philosophy who has written on Anaximander's cosmology and the early development of astronomical thought.
Scholar of Cicero's ethical and political philosophy who has contributed translations and studies of On Duties and related works.
American philosopher who has contributed to the study of Aristotle's political philosophy and the relationship between ethics and politics in Aristotle.
American philosopher and classicist who has contributed authoritative studies of Plato's epistemology and Aristotle's metaphysics.
British-American philosopher who has written extensively on ancient Greek ethics, Platonism, and Stoicism, arguing for the contemporary relevance of virtue ethics.
American classicist who has produced influential translations and commentaries on Cicero's philosophical and rhetorical works.
American philosopher who has produced new translations of Aristotle aimed at recovering the experiential sense of his vocabulary rather than Latinized technical terms.
American scholar of ancient Greek philosophy who has contributed authoritative studies of Plato, Aristotle, and Hellenistic ethics, including the Complete Works of Plato edition.
British classicist who has edited and translated Cicero's philosophical works, including De Finibus.
German-American political philosopher at the University of Chicago who argued for 'esoteric writing' — that great philosophers concealed heterodox views between the lines to avoid persecution — and who read Plato, Maimonides, and Machiavelli as making claims deeper than their surface text reveals.
Canadian scholar of ancient philosophy who has written on Plato, Aristotle, and Neoplatonism, arguing for a broadly Platonic tradition unifying ancient philosophy.
British-Swiss philosopher working on Aristotle's epistemology and the structure of Aristotelian scientific knowledge.
Eleatic philosopher from Samos who extended Parmenides's monism — arguing that Being is one, eternal, unchanging, homogeneous, and spatially infinite (revising Parmenides's bounded sphere).
American philosopher who has developed a basic goods theory of ethics and written on ancient medicine and Hippocratic ethics.
Scholar of ancient Greek philosophy who has contributed to the study of Socrates and early Platonism.
British ancient historian and classicist at Oxford who wrote authoritative studies of Seneca, Nero, and Roman Stoicism.
Aristotle's Politics (c. 335 BCE) is the foundational text of political science, analyzing constitutions, citizenship, and the state's purpose in terms of human flourishing.
American philosopher who specializes in Plato and ancient philosophy — particularly Plato's ethics and psychology — and whose work on the relationship between character and virtue in Plato has contributed to the virtue ethics revival.
British moral philosopher who has defended hedonism, written influential studies of Mill, and contributed to virtue ethics and the history of moral philosophy.
American philosopher at Cornell who is a leading scholar of Stoic philosophy — whose The Stoic Life provides the most accessible and philosophically rigorous account of Stoic ethics and psychology available in English.
Plato's Republic (c. 375 BCE) is the foundational text of Western political philosophy, defining justice in the soul and city through the philosopher-king ideal.
Xenocrates was a Greek philosopher who led Plato's Academy after Speusippus and systematized Platonic doctrine by introducing the tripartite division of philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics.